AP Biology

Unit 1 – Chemistry of Life

Unit 2 – Cell Structure and Function

Unit 3 – Cellular Energetics

Unit 4 – Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Unit 5 – Heredity

Unit 6 – Gene Expression and Regulation

Unit 7 – Natural Selection

Unit 8 – Ecology

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AP Cram Sessions 2021

AP Cram Sessions 2020

In this session, Caroline reviews hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions with examples for both plant and animal cells. She also goes through some important regulations of water with examples.

Unit 1 Overview: Chemistry of Life

Water Molecules 💧

Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Elements of Life

Chemical Bonds

Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates 

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Big Fat Summary

Properties of Biological Macromolecules

Four Types of Macromolecules: A Refresher

Structure Determines Function

Other Things of Notable Importance

Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Purines and Pyrimidines

Chargaff’s Rule

DNA vs. RNA


Subcellular and Organelle Components

Cell Size

Plasma Membrane

Membrane Transport

Tonicity and Osmoregulation

Unit 2 Overview: Cell Structure and Function

Subcomponents

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Cell Structure: Subcellular Components

Cell Compartmentalization

Internal Membranes


Endosymbiotic Theory

Origins of Cell Compartmentalization

Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure and Function

Comparative Cell Size 

Plasma Membranes

Membrane Permeability

Cell Walls

Different Modes of Membrane Transport

When and Why Does Facilitated Diffusion Occur?

Active Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

Tonicity & Osmoregulation

Osmosis

Water Potential

Public Transit... in Cells?

Practice Problems

Mechanisms of Transport

Unit 2 – Cell Structure & Function

Cells Require Energy?!

Major Formulas

Unit 3 Overview: Cellular Energetics

Shape of Enzymes

Active Site 

Induced Fit

Enzyme Structure

Remember… Constant Energy Input!

Test Your Knowledge

Enzyme Catalysis

Temperature

Concentration

Inhibitors

Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function

Cellular Energy

Chloroplast

Light-Dependent Reactions (Electron Transport Chain)

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Summary

Photosynthesis

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Fermentation

Cellular Respiration

Big Idea: Variation = Yay!

Fitness

Intro to Unit 4

Unit 4 Overview: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Juxtacrine Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Autocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Cell Communication

Reception

Transduction

Response

Special Cases

Introduction to Signal Transduction

Signal Transduction

Cellular Processes

Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways

Homeostasis & Feedback Loops

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis 

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Cancerous Cells

Apoptosis

Regulation of Cell Cycle

Unit 4 – Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Intro to Unit 5

Key Terms

Unit 5 Overview: Heredity

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

Random Fertilization

Nondisjunction

Ending Notes

Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

The Father of Modern Genetics

Punnett Squares

Mendelian Genetics

Multiple Alleles

Sex-Linked Traits

Incomplete Dominance

Co-dominance

Non-Nuclear Inheritance

Non-Mendelian Genetics

Natural Selection

Phenotypic Plasticity

Environmental Effects on Phenotype

Chromosomal Inheritance

Unit Breakdown

Unit 6 Overview: Gene Expression and Regulation

Who Contains Our Heritable "Data"?

Nucleotide Base Structure and Pairing

DNA and RNA Structure 

🧬 DNA Replication

The Leading and Lagging Strand

Side Notes

Conclusion

Replication

Meet the RNA

The Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to Protein

Processing the mRNA Transcript

Transcription and RNA Processing

Central Dogma, Continued: RNA to️ Polypeptide Chain

Features of Translation

A Special Case: Retroviruses

Translation

Regulatory Sequences

Epigenetic Changes

Gene Expression via Phenotypes

Coordinated Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Regulation of Gene Expression

Transcription

Gene Regulation & Expression

Gene Expression and Cell Specialization

Genotype Change = Phenotype Change

Mutations

Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis = Phenotype Change

Mutations and Genetic Variation

Introduction

Modern-day Issues Regarding Biotechnology

Biotechnology

Unit 6 – Gene Expression & Regulation

Sample Big Idea Questions

Important Formulas

Unit 7 Overview: Natural Selection

Ever Heard of "Survival of the Fittest"?

Introduction to Natural Selection

Sexual Reproduction

Rates of Evolution

Types of Speciation

Practice Problem

Speciation

The History of Extinctions

Extinction

Genetic Diversity

Variations in Population

When Did Life Start?

RNA's Role in the Puzzle

Origin of Life on Earth

Phenotypic Variation

Mechanisms of Evolution

Artificial Selection

Population Genetics

Tonicity and Osmoregulation - Slides

Tonicity and Osmoregulation - Slides

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